J.P. Morgan's global head of climate advisory, Sarah Kapnick, has published a report outlining a framework for companies to understand and respond to the risks of climate tipping points. The report suggests that while unlikely to end the world, tipping points, which change rapidly and irreversibly, are often difficult to model due to the rise of geopolitical risk and disruptions that have disrupted the economy. Kapnick suggests that companies with board members with national security and environmental expertise are best able to connect the dots. She suggests that firms need to establish an approach for thinking through these questions, or risk facing costs, whether slowly or all at once. The science behind tipping points has been widely understood in climate communities for decades, but economists have struggled to incorporate them into models. However, Kapnick argues that companies need to build capacity to understand their vulnerabilities to a world post-tipping points and use this knowledge in pricing and operational considerations. She also suggests that the present value of future damages over the short term remains relatively manageable.