A report by the Otis College of Art and Design, which produces research annually covering California's film, fashion, gaming, media, advertising, arts and architecture industries, has found that the state's lost creative workforce is not due to AI, but to structural changes within the creative sectors. The report found that between 2022 and 2025, California's creative economy lost 14 percent of its jobs, or 114,000 roles. The losses were largely concentrated in two sectors: film, television and sound and traditional media. However, the jobs most vulnerable to AI have been growing in number rather than shrinking. The research suggests that AI use in creative industries appears to be replacing specific tasks rather than replacing staffers. The study also suggests that creative workers have a significant agency in determining how much AI is used, and that technology is already changing the nature of creative work.