A survey conducted by the U.S. Immigration Policy Center at UC San Diego has revealed that during Operation Metro Surge, over 3,000 federal agents were deployed to Minnesota, a force far larger than any local police agency. The survey found that one in four Minneapolis residents and one in five St. Paul residents encountered an ICE or Border Patrol agent during the operation. The majority of respondents stated that the agent did not show a warrant and that they were stopped randomly while driving. Additionally, the survey suggested that agents used physical force or used chemical irritants at higher rates than national statistics suggest.