The New York City Police Department (NYPD) has appointed a Racial Disparities Review Committee to study racial disparities in police street stops. The committee, formed nearly 13 years after a federal judge ruled that the NYPD's stop-and-frisk tactics violated the constitutional rights of minorities. The federal monitor, in place since the ruling, has consistently found that even when officers conduct a legally justified stop, the subsequent frisk or more invasive search is often not justified. The panel will advise the committee on implementation of the Fourteenth Amendment compliance plan. The monitor has also found that officers in specialized units have a higher rate of unconstitutional stops than those of patrol cops.