Professor Robert Pape, Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, has warned that President Donald Trump may radicalize his regime rather than achieve it through air power. He argues that the goal of regime change in Iran, a nation of over 90 million, may be impossible to achieve with air power alone. Pape also warns that the U.S. may be forced to choose between an escalation or an embarrassing climbdown. This strategy has not been successful in previous attempts to topple regimes, including the United States, European states, Russia, and Israel, which have often resulted in a more aggressive regime. PAPE also discusses the limits of the current air campaign and the potential for escalation.