A new study by Colorado State University researcher and Ph.D student Robert Madden has discovered that the world's oldest-known dice came from North America 12,000 years ago. The games were played by Native Americans in modern-day Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico, using dice to play games with the mathematics of probability. The ancient dice were primarily played by women and were used for entertainment, gambling, and commerce. The findings suggest that dice, games of chance, and gambling have been a feature of Native American culture for over a century. The discovery was published in the journal American Antiquity and could impact how we understand the global history of probabilistic thinking.