The topic of privacy and ethics during a panel discussion on GIS technology and uses was discussed at the Moellering Academic Panel on Spatial Sciences event at Vaparaiso University. Michael Goodchild, professor emeritus at the University of California-Santa Barbara, said that the biggest ethical risk with GIS is repurposing, which can be used for inappropriate purposes like surveillance. GIS data can help users visualize patterns and make informed decisions. Indiana Geographic Information Officer Marianne Cardwell said her agency's data can provide useful information for various purposes. Stephen Aldrich, Indiana’s deputy geographic information officer, cautioned that bad actors can exploit the data. Ashley Poling, a graduate and program manager at T-Kartor, suggested that GIS professionals should consider how to analyze data while protecting privacy. The use of artificial intelligence also affects GIS, with Goodchild stating that AI is changing the nature of science and is changing how scientists feel as scientists.